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[病历讨论] 现代实践中机器人辅助肾部分切除术的回顾

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发表于 2019-6-14 00:00:17 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式

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概要
部分肾切除术(PN)目前是T1肾肿瘤的标准治疗方法。微创PN可减少失血,缩短住院时间,恢复快速,提高美容效果。由于腹腔镜肾部分切除术所固有的挑战,其传播已被扼杀。机器人辅助肾部分切除术(RAPN)提供了一个执行微创PN的直观平台。它是所有手术亚专科中发展最快的机器人手术之一。 RAPN继续改善肾肿瘤摘除治疗的肿瘤学和功能结果。在这里,作者描述了RAPN的手术技术,结果和并发症。

介绍
在美国(美国),肾癌发病率持续上升(1)。发病率的上升至少部分归因于通过更普遍的成像检测到的附带肿块增加(2)。 2015年,美国约有61,560例新发癌症病例和14080例死亡病例归因于肾癌(3)。大多数病例(> 60%)是小肾脏肿块,<4 cm(4)。

基于回顾性和前瞻性随机试验,已确定肾部分切除术后PN的肾功能优于根治性肾切除术(RN)(5,6)。目前尚不清楚的是,这是否会转化为生存利益,因为相互矛盾的数据比比皆是,并且存在争议(7-11)。美国泌尿学协会指南的最新版本参考了PN的优点,并推荐它作为所有T1a癌症的一线治疗,以及许多环境中的T1b癌症(12)。根据这项建议,PN利用率在过去十年中有所增加(13)。在一些中心,PN被用于治疗T1a肿瘤的几乎90%的时间(14)。 2008年,机器人辅助肾部分切除术(RAPN)是全球所有外科专科中发展最快的机器人手术(15)。此外,Patel等人表明,在与机器人技术传播相对应的时间跨度(2000-2011)中,开放式RN率下降了33%,PN率&#8203;&#8203;上升了15%,RAPN率在大学实践中增加到14%。 10%的非大学实践(16)。

外科治疗的进展已从开放性肾部分切除术(OPN)转向腹腔镜肾部分切除术(LPN),最近一次是RAPN。就长期肿瘤学和功能结果而言,LPN被认为与OPN同样有效(17,18)。此外,与OPN相比,LPN被发现导致失血减少,住院时间缩短,美容度更高,恢复更快。阻碍LPN广泛采用的主要威慑手段是技术要求严格的程序;因此未充分利用(19)。因此,近年来对RAPN进行了广泛的研究,希望找到一种微创的肾单位保留方法,其学习曲线比LPN更易于管理。 RAPN似乎适合这个利基,因为RAPN的引用学习曲线约为25例,而LPN的学习曲线估计> 200例(20-22)。泌尿科医生也可能更倾向于使用RAPN而不是LPN,因为与LPN相比,它提供了相对的技术优势(20)和降低的并发症发生率(23)。

手术
途径
Gettman等。来自梅奥诊所于2004年发表了第一个RAPN案例系列(24)。从那时起,技术的一些改进伴随着技术的进步。文献中有各种技术报告,这些报告在次要方面有所不同(24-27)。下面提供了一些选项的简要说明。

RAPN用da Vinci手术系统(Intuitive Surgical,Sunnyvale,CA,USA)进行。可以使用经腹腔入路或腹膜后入路来解决手术。决定应该使用哪种方法的因素包括肿瘤位置,患者先前主要腹膜后手术或腹膜手术的历史,致密的肾周炎症/纤维化,妨碍正确定位的肌肉骨骼限制以及外科医生的偏好。经腹方法更常用。这是次要的事实,腹膜后方法由于其狭窄的工作空间和较少的解剖标志而更具挑战性(28)。然而,腹膜后入路确实避免了肠道操作,并允许直接暴露肾门(26)。

外科医生的偏好也决定了所使用的机器人手臂的数量;可以使用三臂或四臂配置(图1)。第四臂的使用确实为控制台的外科医生提供了更多的收缩控制,从而取消了对床边助手的一些授权。

1.jpg
图1。
A,使用三个机器人手臂配置左RAPN的端口; B,使用四个机械臂配置右RAPN的端口。

有多种技术可用于夹住肾门血管。它们可以使用腹腔镜斗牛犬夹子单独夹紧(从动脉开始)或使用腹腔镜Satinsky夹子整体夹紧。后者需要放置专用端口。机器人斗牛犬夹具为外科医生提供了额外的自主权,而不是必须让助手去除肺门阻塞的微妙任务。

最大限度地减少热缺血时间
多位作者已经证实了长时间热缺血时间(WIT)的潜在有害影响(29-31),尽管其相对于保存的薄壁组织体积的显著性存在争议(32)。虽然确切的阈值未知,但共同的目标是<30分钟。已经提出了几种新技术。首先,“早期松开”会降低WIT。在早期松开时,在切除肿瘤后松开肾内或肺门血管,并且仅进行了深肾切除床的初步修复。在夹钳(33)的同时进行实质重建。 Peyronnet等。结果显示,430例患者的WIT从22.3分钟降至16.7分钟(p <0.0001)。早期松弛组的失血量较大(369 vs. 240 mL,p = 0.001)(34)。接下来,已经提出使用带倒勾的缝合线。 Sammon等人。通过使用V-Loc(Covidien,Mansfield,MA,USA)倒钩缝线而不是单独放置Vicryl缝合线(Ethicon,Cincinnati,OH,USA),证明WIT从24.7分钟减少到18.5分钟(p = 0.008)。另一种进化技术被称为“零缺血”。获得术前计算机断层扫描三维血管造影。由麻醉师引发诱发的低血压。外科医生仅识别和控制喂养“肿瘤加边缘”的三级或更高级动脉分支,因此肾脏残余不会发生缺血(35)。最后,一直在追求“关闭夹具”程序。 Tanagho等。描述了一系列29夹钳和29夹钳RAPN。在off钳组中估计失血量较高(146 mL对104 mL,p = 0.04),而估计肾小球滤过率(eGFR)的平均变化较小(-4.9对比-11.7 mL / min,p = 0.03) )(36)。

手术缺陷修复
对于再次出血,可吸收的单丝或V-Loc缝合线通常以运行的方式用于修复大血管和收集系统缺陷。第二层也可用于进一步接近切除床的深层。接下来,用可吸收的大缝线和针头封闭肾囊的外层。华盛顿大学的“滑动夹式肾切除术”技术依赖于使用Weck Hem-o-Lok夹子(Teleflex,Morrisville,NC,USA),放置在Vicryl缝合线上,位于缺损的两侧,然后滑入到位由外科医生在修复时施加张力(图2)(25)。 Hem-o-Lok夹子通常用Lapra-Ty夹子(Ethicon,Cincinnati,OH,USA)加固,以防止夹子后退。这种技术非常适合RAPN,因为机器人仪器为外科医生提供了规定修复张力程度所需的精确度,有效地消除了在肾脏缺损中放置手术垫以实现紧密闭合的需要。虽然已经提出了其他的肾脏出血方法,但滑动夹式肾切除术的闭合张力更高,并且相对容易进行(37)。

2.jpg
图2。
滑动夹子再出血。实线表示将夹子滑动到位的力的方向。虚线表示体外放置在缝合线末端的Hem-o-Lok夹子。

术前影像学检查
在过去几年中,人们对用于量化和比较肾脏质量的系统(例如PADUA,R.E.N.A.L。和C-指数)(38-40)的兴趣日益增长。 2009年,Kutikov和Uzzo发表了他们关于R.E.N.A.L肾脏评分(RNS)的研究(40)。组分包括:(R)adius(肿瘤大小为直径),(E)xophytic /内生属性,(N)收集系统的耳朵,(A)相对于极线的前/后和(L)ocation。自成立以来,它得到了很好的研究。 RNS与手术治疗的类型(41,42)手术时间(43)估计失血(44),WIT(45),泄漏率(41,46),其他并发症(43,47)和长度有关。留(48)。

在RAPN中,使用肿瘤定量工具进行术前评估的益处尚不完全清楚。一些作者发现它与功能体积保存百分比,最低点eGFR(49),WIT和收集系统进入(45)有关。然而,其他人已经证明没有预测价值(50),或没有比更传统的指标如肿瘤大小(51)更好的表现。

最近的进展
一旦暴露肿瘤,就可以使用机器人超声探头(Aloka,Tokyo,Japan),以便描绘精确的肿瘤边界以进行解剖。利用da Vinci Si平台,TilePro软件(Intuitive Surgical,Sunnyvale,CA,USA)可用于实时超声图像的可视化。此外,这使外科医生更加独立于床边辅助并且不需要离开控制台来观看图像(52)。

另一个新兴进展是使用近红外荧光成像。在较新的达芬奇平台中启用的组件是Firefly(Intuitive Surgical,Sunnyvale,CA,USA)。经常使用的荧光标记物是吲哚菁绿(ICG; Akorn,Lake Forest,IL,USA)。一旦选定的血管分支被夹住,给予ICG(5-7.5mg),并在控制台上制定Firefly。接受血流的组织将变为荧光绿色,而缺血性肿瘤(和侧枝组织)将显得苍白。 McClintock等。与非选择性动脉钳夹和不使用萤火虫相比,短期内肾功能增加(53)。

成果
腹腔镜肾部分切除术的比较
目前在文献中存在大量研究,有利地将RAPN与LPN进行比较(54-60)。 2015年,Choi等人。对23项研究进行了荟萃分析,这些研究由2240名患者组成,他们将RAPN与LPN进行了比较。作者发现以下围手术期结果无差异:Clavien 1-2级并发症(p = 0.62),Clavien 3-5级并发症(p = 0.78),血清肌酐变化(p = 0.65),手术时间(p = 0.35),估计失血量(p = 0.76)和阳性手术切缘(p = 0.75)。接受RAPN的患者转为开放率(p = 0.02)或根治性手术(p = 0.0006),WIT较短(p = 0.005),eGFR变化较小(p = 0.03),LOS较短(p = 0.004) )(61)。没有比较这两种方法的随机试验。然而,鉴于上述证据以及机器人辅助缝纫的内在改进,机器人方法获得了青睐。

“三连胜”
最近引入的用于评估PN结果的概念是“三连冠”(62,63)。评估的三个结果是:阴性肿瘤边缘,功能保留和无泌尿系统并发症。在描述“三连胜”的原始论文中,Hung等人。将患者分为四个时间顺序时代,分别称为发现时代(1999年9月至2003年12月; n = 139),传统的肺门钳夹时代(2004年1月至2006年12月; n = 213),早期松弛时代( 2007年1月至2008年11月; n = 104)和零缺血时代(于2010年3月至2011年10月在作者所在机构进行; n = 78)。

在所研究的四个时期中,肿瘤趋向于更大(发现分别为2.9,2.8,3.1和3.3 cm,常规肝门钳夹,早期松弛和零缺血时代; P = 0.08),但估计百分比保留的肾功能相似(分别为89%,90%,90%和88%; P = 0.3)。更近期的肿瘤与日益复杂的肿瘤相关,肿瘤更可能> 4 cm(P = 0.03),位于中央(P <0.009)或肝门(P <0.0001)。然而,对于发现,常规肝门钳夹,早期松弛和零缺血时期,WIT分别在36,32,15和0分钟连续减少(P <0.0001)。肾功能结果在当代时代表现优异,患者数量下降的患者较少(P <0.0001)。阳性手术切缘率一致性较低(P = 0.7),并且在最近的时期,泌尿系统并发症往往较少(P = 0.01)。在最近的时代,三叶草结果更常见,发现,常规肝门钳夹,早期松弛和零缺血时期分别为45%,44%,62%和68%(P = 0.0002)。在最近的一项多机构研究中,Zargar等人。据报道,1185 RAPN和646 LPN。作者报告了70%的RAPN病例中的三分之一,而LPN的这一比例为33%。 WIT(18对26分钟),并发症发生率(16.2对25.9%)和阳性手术切缘(PSM; 3.2对比9.7%)各有利于RAPN(54)。表1列出了RAPN中最大系列的结果。

表格1。
十大机器人肾部分切除术系列*
t1.jpg

肿瘤学结果
在迄今为止报告肿瘤学结果的最大系列中,包括五个高容量中心的工作,Khalifeh等。回顾了943例接受RAPN治疗的患者。 PSM率为2.2%。 PSM病例的复发和转移率较高(p <0.001)。事实上,PSM的复发危险性提高了18.4倍。其他作者已经证明了类似的肿瘤控制(55,58,64-66)。此外,在对现代大型RAPN系列的回顾中,Benway和Bhayani发现,在> 1600名患者中,仅检测到7次复发(<1%)。累积PSM率为2.7%(67)。相比之下,Gill等报道的PSM率。 LPN和OPN分别为2.9和1.3%(17)。

鉴于其最近的传播,有关RAPN长期肿瘤学结果的数据有限。 2013年,Khalifeh等人。评估了427名平均肿瘤大小为3.0±1.6 cm的患者(68)。 70名患者进行了超过3年的随访,134名患者进行了至少2年的随访。三年总生存率为97.0%,五年为90.2%。随访3年和5年,癌症特异性生存率为98.9%。 Kyllo等。在一项对中位随访29个月的124例患者的研究中,结果显示出相似的结果(64)。基于Kaplan-Meier分析,三年无病生存率为94.9%,癌症特异性存活率为99.1%。使用RAPN进行长期肿瘤学控制似乎是合理的。

肾功能
如上所述,已知RN与慢性肾功能不全增加有关(9,10,69)。 PN旨在减轻RN引起的对患者肾功能的不必要损害。对183名患者进行的第一项国际多中心研究显示,在RAPN后70个月内估计的肾小球滤过率(eGFR; 82.2 vs. 79.4 mL / min / 1.73 m2,p = 0.74)没有显著的术后变化(70)。应该注意的是,就eGFR的百分比变化而言,OPN也与钳制的RAPN相当(71)。扎尔等人。在RAPN后评估了99例巯基乙酰基甘氨酸肾脏扫描患者(72)。他们发现总eGFR保留和同侧肾功能(IRF)的中位数(四分位数间距)分别为83.8(75.2  -  94.1%)%和72.0(60.3-81.0)%。在他们的队列中,正常实质的体积被移除,WIT> 30分钟,体重指数和手术肾脏的术前eGFR预测IRF保存。虽然操作的肾脏会受到影响,但Kumar等人。报道了一个有趣的发现(73)。似乎对基线慢性肾病(CKD)患者进行RAPN相对于其他治疗尤其有益。已经显示,与具有正常术前肾功能的那些相比,具有基线CKD的那些具有较小的肾功能下降幅度。

对肾功能变化的长期描述正在形成。在2015年的一份报告中,Kim等人。发现接受RAPN的患者长期(60个月)恢复了比接受LPN的患者更多的肾功能(74)。肾功能恢复的模式包括在3-9个月时肾功能显著下降,并在达到最低点后逐渐增加。在RAPN组中,最低点是基线eGFR的91.2%。在60个月时,肾功能恢复到术前值的95.2%。

肿瘤大于4厘米
随着RAPN的经验积累,适应症已扩大到更大的肿瘤。 Petros等人。回顾性分析了来自四个中心的445名连续患者; 85名患者的肿瘤> 4 cm(T1b期)(75)。功能结果和并发症与肿瘤较小者相似,并且没有阳性边缘。其他系列的非机器人PN已证实在T1b肿瘤中PN与RN的总体和癌症特异性存活率相似(76,77)。但是,考虑到对侧肾癌的终身发病率为2-5%(78),对于合适的患者,慎重考虑PN和RAPN。

并发症
早期的RAPN系列报道并发症的发生率高达20%(21)。当代RAPN系列的并发症发生率,即使包括大型复杂肿瘤在内,也相似(8.6-20.0%)(57-59)。这些总体并发症发生率与分别接受OPN和LPN的患者报告的并发症发生率13.7和18.6%相当(17)。此外,Simhan等人的一项研究。在RAPN和OPN之间发现类似的主要和次要并发症发生率(71)。在450名接受RAPN治疗的患者的多机构研究中,使用Clavien-Dindo分类系统对并发症进行分层(79,80)。 71名患者出现并发症(16%),术中8例,术后并发症65例; 54例并发症分为Clavien I级或II级(12%),仅需保守治疗,17例为Clavien III级或IV级(4%),需要随后进行干预。这与在美国五个中心进行的886例连续RAPN病例的另一项多机构研究相比,该研究报告总体并发症发生率为15.6%,术中和术后并发症发生率分别为2.6%和13.0%。术后并发症分为Clavien I-II级77.0%和III级IV级23.0%(81)该系列更新数据现包括1838例患者,术中并发症发生率为2.1%,总并发症发生率为17.2% 。大多数并发症被认为是Clavien 1-2(72.5%)(82)。在所有并发症中,出血性并发症发生率为71例(24.9%),泌尿生殖器72例(25.2%),肺部38例(12.4%),心血管34例(11.1%),胃肠道26例(8.5%),传染性22例。 (7.2%)和其他21例(6.9%)患者。 51例患者(2.7%)需要围手术期输血,10例(0.05%)需要血管栓塞,5例(0.2%)需要手术探查术后出血。 13例(0.7%)患者发生尿漏,10例(0.05%)患者出现术后急性肾功能衰竭。

出血
RAPN的术后输血率为3%至10%,与LPN和OPN的5.8%和3.4%相当(83)。此外,微创PN后术后出血的发生率相对较低(<5%),腹腔镜和机器人系列相似,对血管栓塞的需求很少(0.4%)(84,85)。

在RAPN并发症的多机构分析中,报道的RAPN术后出血率为5.8%,术中出血率为1.0%(出血定义为需要输血或治疗干预的出血)(81)。许多术后出血是由假性动脉瘤或动静脉瘘形成引起的,这可能导致术后出血延迟,通常在出院后数周出现(57)。

用于降低出血风险的术中技术包括在再次出血时使用脱氧纤维素垫以提供压迫性止血(86);据报道,使用明胶基质凝血酶密封剂可将术后出血量从11.8%减少到3.2%(87)。在重建过程中使用“滑动夹子”再出血,并使用带倒钩的V-Loc缝合线(Covidien,Mansfield,MA),可以在手术床上均匀分布张力,以控制横断血管并减少术后出血的可能性(25)。虽然目前尚未经过验证,但可以使用检查表来准备和管理术中出血(88)。

尿液泄漏
尿液泄漏以前是OPN最常见的术后并发症,发生率为17.4%(89),增加了手术的显著发病率。与开放式方法相比,微创方法可提供较低的尿漏率(41)。报告的尿液泄漏率范围为0.6-2.5%(90)。报告的最低泄漏率为0.6%来自Ficarra等人描述的347名患者的RAPN队列。 (91)。

成本
在典型环境中,与LPN相比,RAPN要贵得多。然而,在高效的医院和手术系统中,差异可以最小化到每箱仅334美元(92)。此外,由于许多研究表明,与LPN相比,RAPN的并发症较低,因此预计总成本会进一步缩小可能是合理的。随着健康政策的变化,再入院的处罚可由医疗保险和医疗补助服务中心评估。这种潜在的政策将使这些手术由于并发症更加谨慎而减少再入院次数(93)。

结论
PN提供改善的肾功能和与RN相似的存活率。由于其学习曲线较短,RAPN有助于微创PN的性能。为RAPN开展的案件范围继续扩大,并取得了持久的成功。创新继续使RAPN成为一种有吸引力且相对容易的技术,为肾脏肿瘤患者提供卓越的护理。未来的研究将针对精炼技术,以最大限度地减少WIT,并改善RAPN在实现“三连胜”方面的一致性。

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